Strontium atoms floating in the center of this photo are the heart of the world's most precise clock. The clock is so exact that it can detect tiny shifts in the flow of time itself. |
As reported by NPR: "My own personal opinion is that time is a human construct," says Tom O'Brian. O'Brian has thought a lot about this over the years. He is America's official timekeeper at the National Institute of Standards and Technology in Boulder, Colorado.
To
him, days, hours, minutes and seconds are a way for humanity to "put
some order in this very fascinating and complex universe around us."
We bring that order using clocks, and O'Brian oversees America's master clock.
It's one of the most accurate clocks on the planet: an atomic clock
that uses oscillations in the element cesium to count out
0.0000000000000001 (1x10-16) second at a time. If the clock had been started 300
million years ago, before the age of dinosaurs began, it would still be
keeping time — down to the second. But the crazy thing is, despite
knowing the time better than almost anyone on Earth, O'Brian can't
explain time.
"We can measure time much better than the weight
of something or an electrical current," he says, "but what time really
is, is a question that I can't answer for you."
Maybe its
because we don't understand time, that we keep trying to measure it more
accurately. But that desire to pin down the elusive ticking of the
clock may soon be the undoing of time as we know it: The next generation
of clocks will not tell time in a way that most people understand.
The New Clock
At the nearby University of Colorado Boulder is a clock even more precise than the one O'Brian watches over. The basement lab
that holds it is pure chaos: Wires hang from the ceilings and sprawl
across lab tables. Binder clips keep the lines bunched together.
In
fact, this knot of wires and lasers actually is the clock. It's spread
out on a giant table, parts of it wrapped in what appears to be tinfoil.
Tinfoil?
"That's research grade tinfoil," says Travis
Nicholson, a graduate student here at the JILA, a joint institute
between NIST and CU-Boulder. Nicholson and his fellow graduate students
run the clock day to day. Most of their time is spent fixing misbehaving
lasers and dealing with the rats' nest of wires. ("I think half of them
go nowhere," says graduate student Sara Campbell.)
At the
heart of this new clock is the element strontium. Inside a small
chamber, the strontium atoms are suspended in a lattice of crisscrossing
laser beams. Researchers then give them a little ping, like ringing a
bell. The strontium vibrates at an incredibly fast frequency. It's a
natural atomic metronome ticking out teeny, teeny fractions of a second.
This new clock can keep perfect time for 5 billion years.
"It's about the whole, entire age of the earth," says Jun Ye,
the scientist here at JILA who built this clock. "Our aim is that we'll
have a clock that, during the entire age of the universe, would not
have lost a second."
But this new clock has run into a big
problem: This thing we call time doesn't tick at the same rate
everywhere in the universe. Or even on our planet.
Time Undone
Right
now, on the top of Mount Everest, time is passing just a little bit
faster than it is in Death Valley. That's because speed at which time
passes depends on the strength of gravity. Einstein himself discovered
this dependence as part of his theory of relativity, and it is a very
real effect.
The relative nature of time isn't just something
seen in the extreme. If you take a clock off the floor, and hang it on
the wall, Ye says, "the time will speed up by about one part in 1016."
That is a sliver of a second. But this isn't some effect of
gravity on the clock's machinery.
Time itself is flowing more quickly on
the wall than on the floor. These differences didn't really matter
until now. But this new clock is so sensitive, little changes in height
throw it way off. Lift it just a couple of centimeters, Ye says, "and
you will start to see that difference."
This new clock can sense the pace of time speeding up as it moves inch by inch away from the earth's core.
That's
a problem, because to actually use time, you need different clocks to
agree on the time. Think about it: If I say, 'let's meet at 3:30,' we
use our watches. But imagine a world in which your watch starts to tick
faster, because you're working on the floor above me. Your 3:30 happens
earlier than mine, and we miss our appointment.
This clock
works like that. Tiny shifts in the earth's crust can throw it off, even
when it's sitting still. Even if two of them are synchronized, their
different rates of ticking mean they will soon be out of synch. They
will never agree.
The world's current time is coordinated between atomic clocks all over the planet. But that can't happen with the new one.
"At
this level, maintaining absolute time scale on earth is in fact turning
into nightmare," Ye says. This clock they've built doesn't just look
chaotic. It is turning our sense of time into chaos.
Ye
suspects the only way we will be able to keep time in the future is to
send these new clocks into space. Far from the earth's surface, the
clocks would be better able to stay in synch, and perhaps our unified
sense of time could be preserved.
But the NIST's chief
timekeeper, Tom O'Brian, isn't worried about all this. As confusing as
these clocks are, they're going to be really useful.
"Scientists
can make these clocks into exquisite devices for sensing a whole bunch
of different things," O'Brian says. Their extraordinary sensitivity to
gravity might allow them to map the interior of the earth, or help
scientists find water and other resources underground.
A network of clocks in space might be used to detect gravitational waves from black holes and exploding stars.
They could change our view of the universe.
They just may not be able to tell us the time.
No comments:
Post a Comment