As reported by Government Technology: The transportation systems around which the modern world has been
built are on the verge of a significant transformation. Intelligent
transportation systems (ITS) are making driving and traffic management
better and safer for everyone.
Transportation typifies the FutureStructure framework. (FutureStructure is a sister publication of Governmet Technology.) Soft infrastructure — the realm of concepts, policies and legislation — is rapidly evolving to accommodate the demand for global investment in hard transportation infrastructure. Technology is bridging the two as vehicles and the infrastructure on which they operate become increasingly connected.
A different but related technology is that of autonomous vehicles,
perhaps the most famous example of which is the Google self-driving car.
Autonomous cars use a combination of LIDAR (similar to sonar but with
laser light), GPS, optical cameras and big-time processing power to
analyze millions of possible roadway scenarios and then take the
appropriate action. The ultimate goal for autonomous vehicle technology
is to make the vehicle so intelligent that no driver input is needed.
However, truly autonomous vehicles, wherein the driver can give up
complete control to the car, remain on the distant horizon. According to
Ford, it is incremental technological advancement that will one day
lead to driverless cars.
“By the time we get to full autonomy, the last step won’t seem like such a big deal,” he said. “Even as we put in a lot of these features the driver still has to be vigilant and in control.”
Transportation typifies the FutureStructure framework. (FutureStructure is a sister publication of Governmet Technology.) Soft infrastructure — the realm of concepts, policies and legislation — is rapidly evolving to accommodate the demand for global investment in hard transportation infrastructure. Technology is bridging the two as vehicles and the infrastructure on which they operate become increasingly connected.
Traffic and population growth create demand for
more transportation infrastructure, but many jurisdictions don’t have
sufficient money or space to build more roads and rail.
Despite cities lacking funds population growth
will continue — the World Health Organization expects 7 out of 10 people
on the planet will live in cities by mid-century. Coupled with climate
change concerns, cities leaders must start rethinking the very nature of
existing transportation systems.
New transportation technologies are emerging to
meet these challenges, including connected and autonomous vehicles,
alternative fuels, keyless fleet management and traffic analytics, as
well as local zoning and planning policies that support transit-oriented
development. New technology for on-road communications will
dramatically change how vehicles operate and provide information and
capabilities for better, real-time traffic management — if the necessary
network infrastructure is in place.
ITS is poised to transform transportation into a
connected, dynamic component of the city-as-a-system. Perhaps more
importantly, the greater ease in moving about will have a positive
impact on quality of life and commerce for residents, visitors and local
businesses.
The Promise of ITS
“Cities are struggling with transportation today
and will struggle even more in the future,” said Bill Ford, Jr.,
executive chairman of the Ford Motor Company, while addressing the ITS
World Congress in Detroit in September 2014. “We need to redefine what
mobility is for the coming century.”
According to the U.S. Department of
Transportation, ITS improves transportation safety and mobility by
integrating advanced, wireless communications technologies into
transportation infrastructure and vehicles. The purpose of ITS is to
process and share information that can prevent vehicle collisions, keep
traffic moving and reduce environmental impacts.
Coordinating traffic signals, giving signal
priority to transit lanes, electronic information signs and variable
speed limit signs are all part of the burgeoning ITS industry. Also part
of ITS is the ability to automatically distribute real-time traffic
data to websites, social media feeds, mobile apps, and local TV and
radio stations.
“Instead of a bunch of independent systems on
the local, national or even global level, ITS creates a transportation
network that works like the Internet, where everything is connected, but
also open for standards-based communication, which reduces costs and
creates value for everyone involved in managing traffic,” said David
Pickeral, who leads the Industry Smarter Solutions Team for
Transportation at IBM.
Autonomous and Connected Vehicles
Perhaps the most anticipated element of ITS is
the connected vehicle. The imminent arrival of connected vehicles is one
reason for new visions of transportation within a metro area.
Connected technology focuses on wireless
communication: vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V), vehicle-to-pedestrian (V2P) and
vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I), collectively referred to as V2X.
Intended primarily to improve safety, V2V technology allows cars to
continually communicate to the vehicles around them so each are aware of
the others’ speed, heading and direction.
Connected vehicles also help
in recognizing and alerting drivers to dangerous situations. By adding
communication points in hazardous road areas and intersections, V2I
technology extends crash-reduction capabilities by allowing automatic
control of signal timing, speed management, and operation of transit and
commercial vehicles.
“The connected vehicle technologies are ready,”
said Suzanne Murtha, senior program manager for intelligent
transportation initiatives at Atkins Global. “Now it’s a matter of
governments capturing and sharing data about real-time, on-the-street
traffic conditions so drivers can make better choices.”
“By the time we get to full autonomy, the last step won’t seem like such a big deal,” he said. “Even as we put in a lot of these features the driver still has to be vigilant and in control.”
Malcolm Dougherty, director of the California
Department of Transportation, agreed. At the ITS World Congress he said
that while he believed “the development of autonomous vehicle technology
is going to accelerate … for the time being the motorist will always be
responsible for the vehicle.”
If you buy a new car today, you’re getting a
preview of how driving will change as we move into the era of
autonomous, connected vehicles. Features that help you park the car in a
tight spot, automatically adjust cruise control speeds and sound an
alert when the car drifts out of its lane are examples of technology now
offered by automakers. Several states have already passed laws that
allow autonomous vehicles to operate on public roads.
In September, California approved three permits
for Volkswagen, Mercedes and Google to start autonomous vehicle testing
under Senate Bill 1298, which requires the state to adopt formal
autonomous vehicle testing rules by 2015.
“When SB 1298 was working its way through,
everyone thought that the technology was quite a number of years away —
and we were all very surprised as we met with the car manufacturers and
industry, about how far along the technology really is,” California
Department of Motor Vehicles CIO Bernard Soriano told FutureStructure’s sister publication Techwire.
“Getting a chance to see the technology up close and being able to
experience it is mind-boggling. It’s exciting to be working on this
because we’re on the cusp of societal change. I’m not one to use
hyperbole, but this one is a game-changer. It will change the way we
function as a society, for the better.”
California State Sen. Alex Padilla (D-Pacoima),
who introduced SB 1298 two years ago, shared in the excitement, saying
in a statement that “this technology takes a bold step forward.
Driverless vehicles will revolutionize transportation, reduce traffic
accidents and save lives. Establishing safety standards for these
vehicles is an essential step in that process.”
Terry D. Bennett, senior industry program
manager, civil engineering and planning at Autodesk, said while the
autonomous vehicle concept is compelling, focusing on V2I and V2V makes
more practical sense in cities.
“I think [autonomous cars] more than anything
create a lot of space for people to think differently,” he said. “But
with Detroit and other cities looking at dedicated roads for
vehicle-to-vehicle or vehicle-to-infrastructure communication, you’re
starting to see the point that having infrastructure that’s intelligent,
has sensors and can communicate, is a much better long term approach
than trying to automate a single car.”
Indeed, the U. S. Department of Transportation
estimates that V2V technology may eliminate or reduce the impact of up
to 80 percent of crashes involving unimpaired drivers. In a Governing
Institute survey, 62 percent of local officials agreed that autonomous
and connected vehicles will mean fewer crashes. Fifty-one percent also
foresee improved mobility and reduced congestion as more intelligent
vehicles take to the road.
Electric Vehicles
Oregon is gaining both environmental and
economic development benefits from its infrastructure and program
investments to support electric vehicles (EVs). The most visible of
these investments is the West Coast Electric Highway, which includes
charging stations along Interstate 5 in Oregon, Washington and
eventually California. Based on positive public response, Oregon is
installing EV charging stations along other key highways and encouraging
private businesses to install stations as well.
Travel Oregon, the state’s tourism office, runs a
targeted EV tourism program, “Oregon Electric Byways,” with suggested
itineraries and a partnership with Enterprise Rent-a-Car for EV rental.
“It’s hard to separate the infrastructure from
economic development because the infrastructure starts the conversation
about EVs, especially outside of major cities,” said Ashley Horvat,
Oregon’s chief electric vehicle officer and the first person in the
public sector to hold this role. “By placing charging stations around
the state, we went into communities that had never seen EVs, which
really increased adoption and created a positive perception for Oregon
within the EV industry.”
In September, California Gov. Jerry Brown signed
Senate Bill 1275, which sets a goal for the state to put 1 million
zero-emission vehicles on the road by 2023. The bill also authorizes the
state to provide financial incentives for consumers to purchase such
vehicles, part of the governor’s effort to make electric cars affordable
for lower-income workers.
“I’m excited that California is charging ahead
with plans to have electric vehicles in every zip code across the
state,” the bill’s author, California State Sen. Kevin De León (D-Los
Angeles) said in a statement. “We’re going to lead the way in the fight
against climate change by putting a million EVs on the roads, which
means making them affordable to all drivers, not just the wealthy.”
Driving Data
Intelligent infrastructure generates data that
helps civic leadership make better decisions. For local transportation
managers, connected vehicles and connected infrastructure will be tools
for traffic data collection and analytics.
Better traffic flow is achievable in part with
better systems for collecting and analyzing real-time traffic data. In
this arena, transportation managers can learn from the technologies and
practices deployed by private companies, especially those with large
fleets.
For instance, some keen-eyed observers know that
the familiar brown UPS trucks rarely make a left turn. The reason is
that for decades UPS has worked to optimize routes. The UPS On-Road
Integrated Optimization Navigation (ORION) software, which provides
analytics for routing the company’s delivery trucks, is the latest in
route optimization. The system combines daily data on package delivery
commitments and historical route tracking to identify the optimal path
(out of hundreds of thousands of possibilities) for each UPS driver to
follow that day. UPS expects the ORION system to significantly reduce
fuel consumption and miles driven in its trucks. Public transportation
departments will benefit from using similar analytics tools said Tom
Madrecki, strategic communications manager at UPS.
“It’s really about diving into the data and,
based on where people need to go, determining how to make the
transportation system the best it can be, then investing in the needed
technology to realize those improvements,” Madrecki said.
ITS and the Path to Smart Cities
No matter how promising the new technology,
local transportation officials are caught in a classic funding bind —
it’s impossible to reduce costs without making investments, but funding
for infrastructure investments is scarce or nonexistent. In a recent
Governing Institute survey, 78 percent of respondents indicated lack of
funding was the key barrier to developing ITS, well ahead of the 45
percent who cited an aging infrastructure as the key barrier.
“We need to create a framework for private
entrepreneurship to lead the way,” argued Florida Department of
Transportation Secretary Ananth Prasad during a panel at the ITS World
Congress. “Legislation at the state and federal level needs to be
loosened up.”
In many cases, public-private partnerships will
have a larger role in financing new transportation projects. “Many state
and local governments don’t have the staff and other resources to
implement projects on this large scale,” said Nicholas Fluehr, a
managing director at Wells Fargo. “Although municipal bond financing is
still a viable option, partnering with the private sector can be a good
option from both a cost and efficiency standpoint.”
As traffic volumes continue to grow in the
coming decades, the public sector will need to consider every possible
opportunity to better manage all transportation systems and
infrastructure.
“For state and local governments, the question
is which investments will allow them to more effectively and efficiently
utilize the existing transportation infrastructure,” said Murtha. “You
can spend billions on new roads and light rail or you can make a much
smaller investment in the communications technology that will allow more
vehicles to operate intelligently on current streets and highways.”
One of the recurring themes of the ITS World
Congress was that we’re on the cusp of an extraordinary revolution in
transportation, one that may save government billions of dollars by
facilitating far better utilization of existing transportation
infrastructure.
“Investing in last century’s infrastructure is
cheaper in the short run but more costly in the long run,” said Verizon
Chairman and CEO Lowell C. McAdam in a keynote address at the ITS World
Congress.
That’s why the smart cities of the future will
be those that embrace and integrate intelligent transportation systems.
While driverless cars may be a long way off, vehicle connectivity is
not.
“A smart, connected infrastructure will improve
the quality of all our lives,” McAdam said. “Job No.1 in achieving this
potential is bringing connectivity to every car.”
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