NASA LADEE Lunar Probe Will Crash Into The Moon This Month

As reported by International Business Times: NASA’s Lunar Atmosphere and Dust Environment Explorer (LADEE) is wrapping up its scientific mission and will crash into the moon at the end of the month. The space agency is not sure when the lunar probe will cause a new crater and is asking the public to take part in a “Take the Plunge” challenge with winners receiving a special LADEE certificate.

As reported by NASA, LADEE is entering the final stages of its lunar mission and is lowering its altitude in preparation of the lunar impact scheduled for later this month. The space agency believes LADEE will crash into the moon sometime around April 21. The total lunar eclipse on April 15 will push the lunar probe to the edge of what it was prepared to withstand but it should survive the four-hour event. Ahead of the eclipse, LADEE will perform its last orbital maintenance maneuver which positions the probe for a targeted impact on the far side of the moon.

Butler Hine, LADEE project manager, explains that the reason why there is some uncertainty about precisely when LADEE will crash into the moon is due to the lunar atmosphere. Hine said in a statement, "The moon's gravity field is so lumpy, and the terrain is so highly variable with crater ridges and valleys that frequent maneuvers are required or the LADEE spacecraft will impact the moon’s surface."

For those wanting to guess when LADEE will crash into the moon, NASA has set up the "Take the Plunge" challenge with the submission deadline set for April 11 at 6 p.m. EDT. You can submit your guess here and winners will receive a commemorative LADEE certificate.

LADEE launched on Sept. 6, 2013, and entered the lunar orbit on Oct. 6. The lunar probe has spent more than 100 days observing the moon’s atmosphere and lunar dust. LADEE also tested the effectiveness of the Lunar Laser Communications Demonstration, achieving record-breaking transfer speeds. LADEE was equipped with three specialized instruments, the Ultraviolet/Visible Spectrometer (UVS); the Neutral Mass Spectrometer; and the Lunar Dust Experiment (LDEX).

The UVS and NMS are used to observe the lunar atmosphere, with the former analyzing its composition and the latter measuring variations of the elements that comprise it. LDEX has collected dust samples and observed variations in lunar-dust density in regard to location, with more dust being observed in the lower altitudes of the atmosphere as well as the sunrise sector of the moon, notes NASA. The space agency says the LADEE mission has been successful, completing the 100-day main science objectives and collecting even more data than expected. While NASA is not targeting a specific lunar impact location for LADEE, it will search for the spot using the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO).

An animation of the LADEE lunar impact, courtesy of NASA Ames Research Center, can be viewed below.

Google Wants To Launch Its Own Wireless Network

As reported by The Verge: Google is reportedly considering running its own wireless network. Sources tell The Information that company executives have been discussing a plan to offer wireless service in areas where it's already installed Google Fiber high-speed internet. Details are vague, but there are hints that it's interested in becoming a mobile virtual network operator or MVNO, buying access to a larger network at wholesale rates and reselling it to customers. Sources say that Google spoke to Verizon about the possibility in early 2014, and that it talked to Sprint about a similar possibility in early 2013, before the company was officially acquired by Softbank.

Currently, Fiber networks have been built in Kansas City, Missouri and Provo, Utah; a network is planned in Austin, Texas in the near future. Google also hopes to expand into Atlanta, Georgia; Portland, Oregon; San Jose, California; and six other metro areas further down the line. Fiber has already put pressure on other broadband carriers: in the wake of Google's Austin announcement, AT&T quickly began installing its own high-speed fiber network, which it launched in late 2013. A move into wireless would take aim at the Verizon and AT&T duopoly and would almost certainly further complicate Google's relationship with carriers, turning it from a producer of phones like the Moto X to a direct competitor. Google already competes indirectly with phone companies through video and voice services, which it's been operating in some capacity for several years.

The Information speculates that Google's wireless network could depend partly on Wi-Fi access points built on the Fiber network, relying on carriers only when service is unavailable or insufficient. AT&T already uses this strategy, easing congestion by transferring users to Wi-Fi hotspots, and Google reached a partnership with Starbucks last year to provide internet access through 7,000 hotspots. In February, the company was said to be planning an app that would let users skip the login process and automatically connect to its networks, bringing a carrier-like seamless transfer closer. It's also partnered with other broadband providers in lobbying for more spectrum on which to build public Wi-Fi networks. Even if Google is poised to move into wireless broadband, its wired Fiber network is still tiny compared to major broadband providers, and a wireless network would only highlight that fact. But the company's penchant for ambitious experiments still makes it a definite possibility.

Tesla Model S Has Hidden Ethernet Port, User Runs Firefox On The Screen

As reported by Slashdot/Drag Times: While we’re testing the performance capabilities of the Tesla Model S by running it down the 1/4 mile in heads up races such as Tesla vs Corvette Stingray and Tesla vs Viper, others are digging deep into how the Tesla Model S functions internally.

Being the technical marvel that the Model S is with it’s 17″ multi-touch display, all digital dashboard, all electric drivetrain, remote control Apps and more,  along with the fact that the car was designed from the ground up with no predecessor, it’s no surprise that internally it’s using the latest technologies to run these systems.

Some tech savvy Model S owners have located a 4 pin connector (HSD 4 pole M12) on the left side of the Tesla Model S dashboard that turns out to be a disguised ethernet networking port.  After taking apart one end of an ethernet patch cable and trying different pin combinations to connect with the Tesla’s port, a networking connection was established between the Model S and a laptop computer.  This connection allowed for port scanning and data sniffing to explore  how the Tesla Model S systems communicate with each other and what services are running and used.

The car’s internal 100 Mbps, full duplex ethernet network consists of 3 devices with assiged IP addresses in the 192.168.90.0 subnet, the center console, dashboard/nav screen and one more unknown device.  Some ports and services that were open on the devices were:

• 22 (SSH)
• 23 (telnet)
• 53 (open domain)
• 80 (HTTP)
• 111 (rpcbind)
• 2049 (NFS)
• 6000 (X11)

Port 80 one one device was serving up a web page with the image or media of the current song being played.  The operating system is modified version of Ubuntu using an ext3 filesystem.

Using X11 it also appears that an owner was able to somewhat run Firefox on both screens as per the pictures.

All of this technology certain brings up the question as to when and if Telsa’s internal systems will be hacked and jailbroken to allow 3rd party applications to run on the large 17″ touchscreen.  Hacking your iPhone is one thing, hacking your car is quite another.

We should also note that apparently Tesla engineers detected this hacking or exploring and sent a nastygram to the cars owner, “Tesla USA engineers have seen a tentative of hacking on my car.”, “can be related to industrial espionage and advised me to stop investigation, to not void the warranty”.

Does Tesla have an network intrusion detection system installed on the cars?  Do they have the right to not allow you to tinker with your own car?

This is certainly going to be interesting as more Tesla’s hit the road and more people attempt to get into it’s systems.  So far just about every consumer device that’s been desired to be hacked into, has.

Congress Supports GPS-Backup System

As reported by PR Newswire: Resilient Navigation and Timing Foundation announced that just hours after the US House of Representatives passed legislation Tuesday to preserve infrastructure that could support a back-up system for GPS, the Russian GLONASS satellite navigation system unexpectedly went out of service for 11 hours. 

On Tuesday afternoon, the first of April, the House passed the 2014 Coast Guard Authorization Act requiring the Department of Homeland Security to halt dismantling and disposal of infrastructure that could be used for a terrestrial system during times and in places where GPS is not available.  The Department had announced in 2008 that it would build such a system.  It never did so, and has recently begun divesting needed equipment and properties. This, in spite of a long standing presidential mandate for a system that could be used for critical infrastructure and applications in the event of a GPS outage. 

Some media reports link the 11 hour failure of the GLONASS system, Russia's equivalent of GPS, to a solar storm that struck at about the same time.  Others have speculated that it was cyber-attack, though most reports indicate that it was probably due to bad data being uploaded.  In April of 2010, a single satellite in the US Global Positioning System failed to respond to commands after a solar flare.  This is the first time an entire constellation of navigation satellites is known to have failed.

Congress has lately become more visibly concerned about the vulnerability of the nation's space systems.  Late last year the 2014 National Defense Authorization Act tasked the administration with reporting on how it was going to provide necessary national security capabilities when space systems were disrupted.  More recently, Congressmen Duncan Hunter (R-CA), chair of the House Coast Guard and Marine Transportation Subcommittee, held a hearing at which he expressed his concern that the nation has no back-up for GPS.  He also expressed his frustration with the Department of Homeland Security saying "They said they need to do a study about their study."   Congressman John Garamendi (D-CA), ranking member of the committee, commented "GPS will go down one day… the question is, is there a backup..?"  The legislation passed by the House was a result of Congressman Hunter and Garamendi's efforts.  It also authorizes DHS to partner with public or private entities to build a system that would not only backup GPS, but also work indoors, underground and underwater.

According to Mr. Dana Goward, President of the non-profit Resilient Navigation and Timing Foundation which tracks these issues, such a project would be relatively inexpensive.  "If the existing equipment and infrastructure are preserved and reused, the system could be restored and put into operation for less than half the cost to dispose of it" Goward said.  "It isn't an issue of money, it is one of the government taking this problem seriously and acting on it."  The foundation has as offered to partner with the government to build the system.

"Our government has known about this issue for a long time," Goward said.  "At least since 2001.  And there has been a standing presidential direction to obtain back-up capability since 2004.  But for some reason, it hasn't yet happened."

About Resilient Navigation & Timing FoundationThe Resilient Navigation and Timing Foundation (www.rntfnd.org) is a Virginia 501(c)3 scientific and educational non-profit dedicated to:

• Educating the public and leaders about the importance of navigation and timing signals, as well as the need for resilience
• Supporting stronger laws and better enforcement to combat jamming and spoofing
• Supporting establishment of a strong, difficult-to-disrupt terrestrial signal to augment and be used alongside GNSS

RNT Foundation Corporate members:

AFCEA International
Chronos Technology
The Institute of Navigation
iPosi
Locata Corporation
The Maritime Alliance
The National Defense Industrial Association
Nautel Incorporated
Radio Technical Commission for Maritime Services
Research and Radionavigation (GLA)
UrsaNav Incorporated

New GPS Civil Signal Rollout Will Aid Spoofing Countermeasures

As reported by Aviation Week: The U.S. Air Force is set to start early implementation of the long-anticipated GPS Civil Navigation (CNAV) message at the end of this month, and will use the process to help develop new countermeasures against spoofing.

The GPS satellites will begin the early broadcast of more accurate navigation messages on the new civil L2C and L5 signals, mainly to aid development of compatible user equipment and CNAV operational procedures. However, according to the Air Force, an element of the pre-implementation phase will evaluate new ways to protect against the growing threat of spoofing, in which vehicles can be put off course by counterfeit signals. Spoofing is a more insidious threat than jamming because users are not aware that their navigation system is being misled.

The development of spoofing countermeasures is viewed as increasingly vital because of the “safety of life” applications at which the L5 signal is aimed. L5 is the third civilian GPS signal, and will be broadcast in a radio band reserved exclusively for aviation safety services. In the future, aircraft will use L5 in combination with L1 C/A to improve both accuracy and signal redundancy. L2C is the second civilian GPS signal, and when combined in a dual-frequency receiver with the legacy L1 C/A civil signal, enables ionospheric correction that will improve accuracy. The signal broadcasts at a higher effective power than L1 C/A, which will make it easier to receive in areas where reception can be poor, such as under trees or indoors.

Air Force Space and Missiles Systems Center (SMC) GPS chief engineer James Horejsi says “part of the reason to push out CNAV is we are evolving from a static code to a series of flexible codes. That allows you to put additional information out, and this month we will be starting to figure out if there is a way to take advantage of these messages to minimize spoofing on the civil side.” Speaking at the Space Tech Expo in Long Beach, Calif., Horejsi says: “How to do we begin evolving the GPS architecture to minimize the ability of someone to do this? There is no simple fix, but there are things we are doing to address [it]. We just have to get it out there and let the user come up with innovative ways of using augmented signals to prevent spoofing.”

Horejsi adds that “spoofing is not unknown or new, and from a military perspective that’s why we’re going to M-code (Military). But the problem is we've been doing it for years so that’s why there has been an agreement to pull the introduction of that forward by at least a year and a half.” M-code is the new highly secure, anti-jam signal designed for the GPS III constellation.

The planned pre-operational continuous broadcast is the next phase of CNAV development and follows initial testing done in June 2013. Although L2C and L5 signals have been transmitted by GPS satellites for several years, they have not included a navigation message. Air Force Space Command (AFSPC) acknowledged last year that implementation had been delayed because additional testing was required. Issues uncovered during the evaluation phase in 2013 have all now been addressed, AFSPC says. CNAV uploads are expected twice weekly, with current accuracy levels not due to be matched or exceeded until full implementation in December 2014. Seven GPS IIR-M satellites currently broadcast L2C, and four GPS IIF satellites broadcast L2C and L5.

With New Satellite In Space, India To Get 'Desi GPS'

As reported by NDTV:  India today successfully launched its second navigation satellite, sometimes dubbed the 'desi GPS', through its Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle or PSLV. The satellite navigation system is a fleet of seven satellites that will help provide precise locations within 20 meters. 

"PSLV, in its 25th successive successful flight, injected IRNSS-1B very precisely. I thank the entire ISRO team that made this major milestone for the country, thus proving again that India's PSLV has a place of pride," a beaming ISRO Chairman K Radhakrishnan announced.

The 44 meter, 320 ton rocket lifted off at 5.14 PM from Sriharikota and 'precisely' placed India's second navigation satellite in space. 

Till now most of us have relied on the American GPS or the Global Positioning System, very popular on smart phones but not good enough for military applications as it can't be relied upon for seamless coverage in times of war and the built-in error makes it unsuitable for precision strikes. 

India has become the sixth nation to embark on this after America, Russia, Europe, China and Japan. Some may ask, if this satellite navigation system by India were working would it have been possible to locate the lost Malaysian Airlines Flight 370. Unfortunately the answer is no. 

The satellites continuously beam down data that can be read by special hand held instruments which, when calibrated using sensors based on the ground, can help pin point location. 

India's satellite system is designed to cover a region of about 1500 km on either side of the border, essentially covering the geographical region from where India has a perception of threat, both Pakistan and China are within the footprint. 

Today in its 26 flight India's workhorse rocket the Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle or PSLV is hoping to hoist a 1432 kilogram special satellite that carries on it a precision clock called an atomic clock and a set of other home-made instruments that beam down accurate time and location data. The entire fleet of seven satellites is likely to be ready by 2016 when Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System will become operational. The first Indian navigation satellite launched last year in July is working normally.

The term 'desi' is Sanskrit for the people, cultures, and products of the Indian subcontinent or for South Asia.  Desi nations include India, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Pakistan, and Maldives.

GLONASS Suffers Temporary System Wide Outage

As reported by Inside GNSS: Just when they thought it was safe to go back into space . . . .

The Russian GLONASS system, which had appeared to be recovering from a series of organizational and technical problems in recent years, appears to have suffered a systemic disruption during the past 24 hours — beginning just past 1 a.m. Moscow time on April 2 (UTC+4) — 6 p.m. EDT on Tuesday (April 1, 2014).

Outages continued for more than 10 hours, with the Russian GLONASS monitoring center showing satellites in unhealthy statuses: “failure” and “illegal ephemeris.” The accompanying figure from the Russian Federal Space Agency Information-Analytical Center website shows this history, with pink and purple colors representing failure and illegal ephemeris, respectively.

Because the failure was systemwide and simultaneous, some have speculated that an incorrect uploading of corrections to satellite ephermerides (orbital positions) occurred. The staggered restoration of satellite health in the hours following the outage reflects the need for GLONASS system operators to wait until each satellite passes within range of ground stations to be reset.

The problem marks another setback for the Russian GNSS program, which saw the system rebuilt and modernized over the past decade but has stumbled in recent years due to launch failures (including triple-satellite losses in July 2013 and December 2010) and organizational problems, including dismissal of high-ranking space officials in the wake of the launch failures and for charges of corruption. In one case, the Proton rocket failure was blamed on a premature launch and in another on overfilling of the launcher’s fuel tanks.

Successful launch of a GLONASS-M satellite just over a week ago had seemed to indicate that the program had regained its footing. Yesterday, Nikolai Testoyedov, director general of the GLONASS satellite manufacturer, JSC Reshetnev Information Satellite Systems, announced that the long-awaited launch of the second next-generation satellite — GLONASS-K — would occur at the end of this year.

Also yesterday, Russian lawmakers endorsed draft legislation to allow the country to set up a GLONASS monitoring facility in Nicaragua, according to the RIA Novosti news service. This would add to the handful of monitoring stations, including sites in Brazil and Antarctica, outside the Russian territory, which are essential to managing a constellation in situations such as just occurred with GLONASS.

An proposal to establish GLONASS monitoring stations in the United States was recently rebuffed by the U.S. Congress.

The U.S. Global Positioning System has never experienced a systemic outage as occurred with GLONASS and has a notable record of robustness, resilience, and rapid information dissemination. However, its space segment has not been flawless. GPS SVN49, a Block IIR-M satellite with the first L5 signals, experienced anomalies that have taken it out of healthy status since 2009 and incidents of satellite clock drift or runoff have occurred over the years that caused temporary degradation of user range error. But GPS system wide errors by the operator — the U.S. Air Force — have been essentially nonexistent, at least from the perspective of users.